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Fix m f.  u f.

If x is a proverb, then y=: x f. is equivalent to it, except that any names that occur in the definition of x are (recursively) replaced by their referents. Consequently, any subsequent change in these referents that might change the definition of x will not affect the definition of y .

If x is the name of any entity (that is, a pronoun, proverb, pro-adverb, or pro-conjunction), then 'x' f. is equivalent, but with all names in its definition recursively replaced by their referents.
 

For example:
   sum=: +/
   mean=: sum % #
   norm=: - mean
   norm a=: 2 3 4 5
_1.5 _0.5 0.5 1.5

   N=: norm f.
   N a
_1.5 _0.5 0.5 1.5

   norm
- mean

   N
- (+/ % #)

   sum=: -/
   norm a
2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

   N a
_1.5 _0.5 0.5 1.5

   adv=: norm@
   *: adv
norm@*:
   adv
norm@

   'adv' f.
(- (-/ % #))@

   'a' f.
2 3 4 5



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